The average American sends 4.4 pounds of trash to the landfill every day” and “some of the most common items found in waste audits are paper towels and food packaging," Kathryn Kellogg, author of 101 Ways to Go Zero Waste, states in her book.
Packaging is the largest, growing consumer of fossil fuel derived plastics. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) states that, “while plastics are found in all major MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) categories, the containers and packaging category had the most plastic tonnage at over 14.5 million tons in 2018”.
There is the environmental impact of the production of these plastics, with its large carbon footprint, but there is also the waste aspect- where this all goes. The EPA states that, in 2018, of the 35,680 thousands of tons of plastic generated, only 3,090 thousand tons were recycled- a whopping 8.6%. No wonder there’s been a surge in the last year of states suing large gas and oil industries for their undeniable role in the plastic problem.
Aside from the environmental impacts, what are these plastics doing to our health? NPR wrote in an article published on September 19th that 3,000 different chemicals from plastic packaging leach into the food, itself. Some of the most harmful chemicals on this list include phthalates, BPA, and PFAs; chemicals with known adverse health effects .
Let’s look at a breakdown of pthalates, BPA, and PFAs- what they are, what their purpose is within food packaging, and how each is harmful to ourselves and our loved ones.
ORTHO-PHTHALATES (AKA PHTHALATES)
These are a group of chemicals used in plastics as “plasticizers”, making plastics softer, more flexible, and less brittle. The FDA currently allows 9 different phthalates to be used in food packaging but includes them on a list of chemicals up for review, as of October 29, 2024. This review is taking place as phthalates contain known endocrine-disrupting properties, according to the EWG (Environmental Working Group). The endocrine system, commonly referred to as the ‘hormone system’, creates and releases hormones within the body; hormones required to maintain numerous bodily functions. In the disruption of this system, phthalates increase the risk of cancer, infertility in women, asthma, allergies, and–when exposed prenatally– learning and behavioral issues in children.
BISPHENOL A (AKA BPA)
Per the Mayo Clinic, BPA is a chemical made to create polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. Polycarbonate plastics are plastics specific to holding food and beverages. The epoxy resins made using BPA are often used to coat the inside of metal food packaging, specifically cans and bottle tops. BPA is another endocrine disruptor as well as a reproductive toxicant, according to the organization BCPP (Breast Cancer Prevention Partners). The following were listed by the BCPP as health concerns of BPA consumption via food packaging— cancers, reproductive disorders, neuroendocrine disorders, metabolic disorders, cardiovascular disease, immune disorders, and neurological disorders specifically in children.
PER- AND POLYFLUOROALKYL SUBSTANCES (AKA PFAS)
Coined as “forever chemicals”, PFAs are a large, complex group of chemicals that have been used in consumer products since the 1950s, according to the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. While there are many uses of PFAS outside of food, PFAS have the role of keeping food packaging non-stick. They are found in grease-resistant paper, fast food containers/wrappers, microwave popcorn bags, pizza boxes, and candy wrappers, according to the EPA. They are ‘forever chemicals’ because they never leave the body. They build up over time with exposure. PFAS are also endocrine disruptors, so the list of associated negative health affects are similar to those of BPA , according to the EPA.
These plastics only enter into our lives, and our bodies, over the sake of our own convenience—quick meals from the grocery store, pizza easily delivered in 10 minutes, for water already bottled and ready for you at the gas station. There was a world before this convenience that we can return to. Farmers’ Markets have fresh produce during all seasons, freshly baked bread and pastries, delicious, culturally-rich prepared food not pre-packaged in plastics (and you can bring your own stainless steel or glass food storage containers to lessen your exposure to chemicals even more). In supporting our local communities and businesses, we can also help our planet and the health of ourselves and others. It’s a win-win-win, it just might take a little longer. Convenience might not be worth it.